International Journal of Human Movement Science
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
The Body Discipline for Whole-person in Eastern ConceptJeong Hak Lee 6(1) 5-15, 2012
TitleThe Body Discipline for Whole-person in Eastern Concept
Jeong Hak Lee DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the essential meaning of body discipline based on the eastern concept for whole-person. In traditional eastern society, morality and ethics have been valued as the most important concept for ideal society in which human beings can harmoniously live with self-regulation. Easterners believe that morality and ethics are very close to the physical activity concept rather than the thinking and knowledgeable concept. Since the knowledgeable concepts such as moral and ethical mind must presuppose its connection with acting, it is important for human beings to be taught of body discipline for whole-person. In the east, the body discipline means the just an important educational subject for a whole person. Easterners regard body discipline as the priority condition for whole-person. In the view of contemporary society, the meaning of body discipline in eastern concept and physical education do not much differ from each other in their aims for human education. Both of them aim whole-person or balanced person through rational education and physical activity. This is an important reason why physical educators in contemporary society should pursue the physical activity or body discipline. Key WordsBody discipline, whole-person, morality, self-regulation, human beings |
An Investigation of the Validity of Thirty-second Chair Stand Test as a Measure of Lower Body Strength in Korean Older AdultsSeung Youn Hong 6(1) 17-28, 2012
TitleAn Investigation of the Validity of Thirty-second Chair Stand Test as a Measure of Lower Body Strength in Korean Older Adults
Seung Youn Hong DOI: AbstractPurpose: to examine the validity of the 30 second chair stand test (30CST) in Korean older adults and provide data that could be compared with US and Hong Kong. Method: 1,154 females and 135 males (mean age 75) who participated in the community-based exercise program between 2007 and 2010 conducted 30-second chair stand test and basic health questionnaire. Among those, 316 participants (284 females and 32 males) performed isokinetic strength of knee extension and flexion: concentric knee extension and flexion at 60, 180 degrees/sec with the standard Biodex protocol. Criterion validitywas examined by Pearson correlations and construct validity was examined by the analysis of Variance (ANOVA). An alpha-level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance using SPSS. Results: The 30CST was significantly, yet only weakly and moderately, correlated with the isokinetic strength measures (r=0.44 for knee extension in 60°, p<.0001; r=0.43 for knee flexion in 60°). However, it was accurately discriminated across age`s groups. Conclusion: The results suggest the 30CST is likely to be a moderately weak measure of lower body strength in the Korean older adults, although it adequately discriminates between different age groups. Key WordsValidity, lower body strength, function, 30 second chair stand |
Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Closely Associated with Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Middle Aged WomenHyun Chul Cho , Jong Kyu Kim , Sung Yeon Kim , Nam Ju Lee 6(1) 29-40, 2012
TitleCardiorespiratory Fitness is Closely Associated with Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Middle Aged Women
Hyun Chul Cho , Jong Kyu Kim , Sung Yeon Kim , Nam Ju Lee DOI: AbstractIt has been well known that increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) caused by regular physical activity may positively affect brain health. However, several previous studies have reported that there is an inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a brain health marker in males. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine an association among CRF, BDNF, and nerve growth factor (NGF) in middle aged women. Participants of this study were middle aged women (n=103; age, 43±8 years; height, 158.3±5.2 cm; weight, 59.8±9.4 kg; BMI, 23.9±3.5 kg/cm2). Graded exercise test using treadmill was used for measuring CRF. Basal serum BDNF and NGF as brain health markers were analyzed. Based upon CRF quartiles, basal serum BDNF and NGF were significantly increased and there was a positive association among CRF, BDNF, and NGF (p<0.05). As CRF was increased by 1mL/kg/min, basal serum BDNF and NGF were increased by 9.96pg/mL and 3.38ng/mL, respectively, In conclusion, this study result implied that enhanced CRF caused by regular physical activity might positively improve brain health in middle aged women. Key WordsMiddle aged women, cardiorespiratory fitness, regular physical activity, brain health |
The Effect of the Dance Program Based on Psychological Skills Training on University Dancers`` Self-regulationChung Ja Choi , Hyoung Nam Kim , Hyun Hwa Shim 6(1) 41-53, 2012
TitleThe Effect of the Dance Program Based on Psychological Skills Training on University Dancers`` Self-regulation
Chung Ja Choi , Hyoung Nam Kim , Hyun Hwa Shim DOI: AbstractThis study was intended to develop a dance program of psychological techniques to improve self-regulation by applying Loehr`s model and verify its effect. The participants were selected from S University among those with a dance career for over three years and then divided into the experimental group with 13 and the control group with 13. The dance program was implemented in the experimental group for 12 weeks. To verify the effect resulting from participation in the program, pre/post tests were performed in each group and between two groups, and t-test was conducted to examine the significance of measured materials. The analysis of self-regulation factors in each experimental and control group resulted in no significant difference before applying the program in the mean values of physical regulation, emotional regulation, mental regulation, and spiritual regulation. After applying the program, however, there was a highly significant difference in self-regulation of the experimental group and all the sub-factors of self-regulation, such as physical regulation, emotional regulation, mental regulation, and spiritual regulation indicated significant differences. In conclusion, the dance program developed by the researcher and based on Psychological Skills Training(Loehr ,1984), American psychologist, has the significance as the first developed program according to dance education in dance field and the verification indicated that it has a positive effect on the improvement of self-regulation. As such, the program might be applicable in dance education field and easily used in promoting immersion of university students majoring in not only dance but also various subjects. Key WordsPsychological skills training, self-regulation, dance program, university dancers |
Using Self-determination Theory to Understand Golf Consumption Behaviors: An Examination of Korean College Student Golfers in the United StatesWon Yul Bae 6(1) 55-73, 2012
TitleUsing Self-determination Theory to Understand Golf Consumption Behaviors: An Examination of Korean College Student Golfers in the United States
Won Yul Bae DOI: AbstractMany Korean students participate in golf during their studies in the United States. They are active in this sport because of the easy access to golf courses in the U.S. and the relatively inexpensive green fees compared to the golf courses in Korea. The primary purpose of this study was to examine Korean college students` participation motivation in golf during their time of study in the U.S. Of the participants in this study, 133 were male and 68 were female (N=201).The result of the MANOVA testing revealed a statistically significant main effect for frequency of participation, Wilks`Λ = .046, F(14,356)=1.74, p<.05, η2=.064 and a statistically significant two-interaction effect for gender by years of experience, Wilks`Λ= .009, F(14,356)=2.15, p<.05, η2=.078, and years of experience by frequency of participation, Wilks`Λ = .038, F(28,643)=1.54, p<.05, η2=.057. Overall, from the results of the study, it is clear that motivation for sport participation between frequency of participation and years of experience is linked closely to motivation towards accomplishment and identified regulation. The results of this study validated the use of self-determination theory as a viable theoretical framework for studying and understanding the relationship between motivation and participation in golf. Key WordsGolf, participation motivation, self-determination theory, sports motivation scale |
Association between Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Fitness in Male Judoists; Based upon Weight ClassJong Kyu Kim , Nam Ju Lee , Eun Hyung Cho , Su Ju Eo , Eung Joon Kim , Mi Sook Lee 6(1) 75-86, 2012
TitleAssociation between Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Fitness in Male Judoists; Based upon Weight Class
Jong Kyu Kim , Nam Ju Lee , Eun Hyung Cho , Su Ju Eo , Eung Joon Kim , Mi Sook Lee DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine anthropometric characteristics of outstanding Judoists and examine the changes caused by physical fitness difference based upon weight class classification. One hundred five male university Judoists were participated in this study. Anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness test based upon weight class as light weight class (-60kg, -66kg, -73kg; n=41), middle weight class (-81kg, -90kg; n=46), and heavy weight class (-100kg, 100kg; n=18) were conducted. 50-M run and Z-jump were tested for measuring power and muscular endurance and 20-M shuttle run test was conducted for measuring aerobic performance capacity. One-way ANOVA was used to test the difference among participant characteristics, physical fitness, and anthropometrical characteristics based upon weight class. As weight class was increased, 50m running records were significantly increased (p<0.05). Otherwise, 20m MSRT (p<0.05) and Z-jump were significantly decreased as weight class was increased. There was a significant inverse relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness (50-M run and 20-M MSRT) in endomorphy and mesomorphy (r= -0.30 to -0.57 (p<0.05)). Otherwise, there was a significant positive relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness (50-M run and 20-M MSRT) in ectomorphy (r=0.41 to 0.54 (p<0.05)). In conclusion, aerobic and anaerobic capacity of middle weight class judoists might not have a higher association with anthropometric characteristics unlike light and heavy weight class judoists. Key WordsEndomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy, physical fitness, muscle fitness |
Intercollegiate Athletic Operations in Times of Financial Constraint: Examining Perceptions of Critical StakeholdersCindy Lee , Jack C. Watson Ii , Gonzalo Bravo 6(1) 87-105, 2012
TitleIntercollegiate Athletic Operations in Times of Financial Constraint: Examining Perceptions of Critical Stakeholders
Cindy Lee , Jack C. Watson Ii , Gonzalo Bravo DOI: AbstractAs the expenditures in intercollegiate athletics keep increasing, understanding how different stakeholders view this trend would provide useful information to help athletic departments approach this issue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing perception toward intercollegiate athletics and its financial operation based on the stakeholder theory and the theory of reasoned action. As influencing factors, fan identification, status at school, and experience as a student-athlete were selected as independent variables. Multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to determine group differences on the perceived importance of intercollegiate athletics, perceived importance of winning, personal attitudes towards the financial operations of athletic departments, and willingness to support intercollegiate athletics. The results revealed main effects for respondents` fan identification and status at school, but no main effect was found for respondent`s experience as a student-athletes. The implications of acknowledging different stakeholders in intercollegiate athletics and its financial operations were discussed. Key WordsIntercollegiate athletics, fan identification, financial operation, athletic spending, stakeholder theory, theory of reasoned action |
Content Knowledge Courses in Physical Education Programs in South Korea and OhioPhillip Ward , Weidong Li , In Sook Kim , Yun Soo Lee 6(1) 107-120, 2012
TitleContent Knowledge Courses in Physical Education Programs in South Korea and Ohio
Phillip Ward , Weidong Li , In Sook Kim , Yun Soo Lee DOI: AbstractLack of content knowledge in teachers is one of the most challenging tasks confronting teacher education. We examine the extent to which content knowledge taught in pre-service physical education licensure programs in South Korea and Ohio focused on the performance of content or the teaching of content. One representative syllabus from each of 21 (87%) South Korean licensure programs and 17 (61%) of Ohio licensure programs were examined to determine the percentage of the grade assigned to performance and teaching of content. One-way and two-way Chi-square analyses were conducted. All of the programs in South Korea focused exclusively on performance. In Ohio, a majority of programs focused on performance. South Korea and Ohio licensure programs are more similar than different in their emphasis on performance of content over the teaching of content. This finding raises questions about how pre-service teachers in physical education acquire knowledge to teach content. Key WordsPedagogical content knowledge, physical education teacher education, cross-cultural analysis |
A Brief Review and Perspective on the Future of Corporate Social Responsibility Research in SportMar Magnusen , Young Do Kim , Yu Kyoum Kim 6(1) 121-140, 2012
TitleA Brief Review and Perspective on the Future of Corporate Social Responsibility Research in Sport
Mar Magnusen , Young Do Kim , Yu Kyoum Kim DOI: AbstractAs demands on businesses to address and respond to social concerns have mounted, firms now face increasing pressure on various social obligations to their local communities and the environment. In response to these concerns, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has taken center stage and organizational executives are giving greater priority to CSR activities and their role in the viability and sustainability of their firm (Franklin, 2008; Quazi, 2003). The sport industry is no exception. Although research about CSR in a sport context is not as extensive other academic literatures, it has still grown to a point at which a concise review and evaluation of the contemporary literature would be beneficial to sport managers. Therefore, the purpose of this review is four-fold: (1) discuss the challenges of conceptualizing CSR, (2) examine several popular theoretical perspective used to explain the purpose of CSR activities by firms, (3) categorize and review contemporary studies (2000 - present day) about CSR in a sport context, and (4) provide recommendations for future sport-based CSR studies. Key WordsConsumer behaviors, creating shared value, CSR, sport organizations |
Myoelectric Activities of Abdominal Exercise Variations for the Individual with Low Back PainJang Won Lee , Eun Jung Kim 6(1) 141-151, 2012
TitleMyoelectric Activities of Abdominal Exercise Variations for the Individual with Low Back Pain
Jang Won Lee , Eun Jung Kim DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare levels of myoelectric activity in the low back muscles as well as in selected abdominal and hip flexor muscle across eight different variations of the sit-up. The sit-up variations investigated were long-lying sit-up (with 0 degree of knee flexion) and hook-lying sit-ups (with 65, 90, and 105 degrees of flexion at the knee). Twenty seven male subjects performed three repetitions of each of long-lying sit-up and three hook-lying sit-ups with and without manual support of the feet. Myoelectric activities of the four muscle sites (rectus abdominis, external oblique, rectus femoris , and the L3 level of sacrospinalis) were monitored during the whole trials. Sit-ups with lack of feet support resulted in greater iEMG values at the two abdominal sites and in less iEMG in the rectus femoris. In the sacrospinalis, the myoelectric activity was significantly greater in the unsupported feet compared to the supported feet. The greater the knee angle in the hook-lying sit-up, the greater iEMG in the external obliques and the sacrospinalis were produced. Examining the sit-up variations, the hook-lying sit-ups performed without feet support appear to be the most taxing to both the abdominal muscles and the low back muscles. Key WordsLow back pain, feet support, knee angle |
South Korean Undergraduate Collegians` Beliefs about Inclusion and Teaching Students with DisabilitiesYoung Soo Son , Samuel R Hodge , Hea Ja Chun , Francis M Kozub 6(1) 153-174, 2012
TitleSouth Korean Undergraduate Collegians` Beliefs about Inclusion and Teaching Students with Disabilities
Young Soo Son , Samuel R Hodge , Hea Ja Chun , Francis M Kozub DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the judgments of South Korean college students about inclusion and teaching students with disabilities before and after matriculation in adapted physical activity courses. Participants were undergraduate students at universities in South Korea. The research method was a Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design. Data were collected using a survey scale (Son, Kozub, Noh, & Jun, 2006). There were 471 pretest and 478 posttest surveys returned. At pretest, there were no differences (p > .01) in the attitudes of participants as a function of their gender, direct contact, major or previous experiences. However, group differences were found in posttest scores as a function of academic major and past experiences teaching individuals with disabilities. Favorable shifts in judgments tend to occur when individuals are given credible evidence about and afforded opportunities to teach students with disabilities under favorable conditions (Allport, 1954). The findings and implications are discussed. Key WordsBeliefs, Judgments, Inclusion, Physical education, Teacher preparation |
Factors Affecting Foreign Spectators` Intention to Attend the Korean Professional Baseball League GamesKi Wan Kwon , Kwang Yong Lee , Kwang Min Cho 6(1) 175-186, 2012
TitleFactors Affecting Foreign Spectators` Intention to Attend the Korean Professional Baseball League Games
Ki Wan Kwon , Kwang Yong Lee , Kwang Min Cho DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was designed to provide basic knowledge for Korean professional marketers for effective and efficient marketing strategies through the identification of factors affecting foreign spectators attendance, Examining how individual foreign spectators respond to various factors influencing their intention to attend games, team marketers could plan and implement successful marketing strategies to satisfy the foreign spectators`` needs and wants, 395 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method, The data was analyzed by PASW 18.0 for a t-test analysis, and Multiple regression analysis, The result were as follows, First, there are significant difference of attendance intention between attendance experience. At Leisure, Event·Service, Performance Factors, the mean scores of ``Yes`` respondents was statistically higher than ``No`` respondents. Second, leisure, performance and event·service had significantly effects on attendance intention. Key WordsKorean professional baseball, attendance factor, attendance intention |
Perceptions of School Pride through the Yonsei/Korea University Sports Competition Yeongojeon/GoyeonjeonAdam Sheard , Young Shin Won , Jae Hee Lee 6(1) 187-198, 2012
TitlePerceptions of School Pride through the Yonsei/Korea University Sports Competition Yeongojeon/Goyeonjeon
Adam Sheard , Young Shin Won , Jae Hee Lee DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this research was to examine school pride in Korea and its relationships with national pride, family pride and personal pride through Yeongojeon, the largest intercollegiate sports rivalry competition in South Korea. In order to fully understand the nature and evolution of school pride, data was collected from two major sources: newspaper articles and other multimedia pertaining to the event, and extensive interviews with three generations of Korean students who attended Yeongojeon over a period of thirty years. Research revealed that school pride shares an intimate relationship with family and national pride and increases at the same rate as them. However, personal pride was found to share an inverse relationship with school pride. In addition to this, School festivals were shown to have a direct link with the intensity of school pride felt by students, and declines in school pride resulted in smaller numbers of festival participants as well as an overall lower intensity of fan participation. Key WordsSouth Korea, School Pride, Yeongojeon, Goyeonjeon, Rivalry |
A Content Analysis of the U. S. and Korea Newspaper Coverage on Athletes with DisabilitiesSeung Yup Baek 6(1) 199-215, 2012
TitleA Content Analysis of the U. S. and Korea Newspaper Coverage on Athletes with Disabilities
Seung Yup Baek DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine how athletes with disabilities and disability sport had been described and reported in the newspaper coverage during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. For completion of this purpose, this study examined and analyzed the newspaper texts during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. This study was involved in the 14 days of newspapers from September 3rd to 22nd, 2008, in USA Today from the U. S. and 15 days of newspapers from September 3rd to 22nd, 2008 in Donga Ilbo from South Korea during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. Importantly, three days of newspapers before opening and after ending the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games from both newspapers were included. To achieve this research, different research techniques, content analysis and interpretive textual analysis, were used. Content analysis is an effective method that presents the most dominant and salient message from the media because it draws on the meanings of images on minority groups such as, in particular, athletes with disabilities. In addition, interpretive textual analysis is a method that leads to the prominent meanings of the text between media texts and readers or audiences. Consequently, the results showed that: (1) Female athletes have been received less attention in newspaper coverage than male athletes; (2) The coverage of USA Today on athletes with disabilities and disability sport during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games have been marginalized; (3) Female athletes with disabilities have described as passive image in Donga Ilbo, whereas no image in USA Today; and, (4) Lack of newsworthiness on athletes with disabilities in USA Today was found. Key WordsMedia, newspaper coverage, athletes with disabilities, paralympic |
Application Process of Qigong Training for Elders: A Grounded Theory ApproachJae Bum Lee 6(1) 217-235, 2012
TitleApplication Process of Qigong Training for Elders: A Grounded Theory Approach
Jae Bum Lee DOI: AbstractThe goal of this study is to examine in what form the application process of the Qigong training for elders appear. For the purpose of achieving such a goal, we have investigated the application process of the Qigong training for elders using the grounded theoretic approach as proposed by Strauss & Corbin (1998). In the way of the grounded theoretic approach for exploring the process of the application and practice of the Qigong training for elders, constant analysis was carried out in accordance with the procedures of the open, axial, and selective coding after the data collection. At the stage of the open coding, the study underwent the courses of the conceptualization and categorization on the basis of the paradigms in the grounded theory, while in the axial coding it analyzed the categories and processes on the basis of the paradigms. At the stage of the selective coding, the study drew relations concentrated on the core categories and set up a situational model to analyze the types and data. Accordingly, 94 concepts, 39 subcategories, and 19 categories in total were found in the open coding, and a paradigm model for the application process of the Qigong training for elders was drawn in the axial coding. In the selective coding, a situational model sorted out on the basis of the unfolding of the stories was presented, and it was shown that the application and practice of the Qigong training as an elderly exercise led to physical health, mental health, and social health. Such contents proved in vivid language that the experience via the Qigong training for elders brought about the formation of a new supportive system along with changes in the recognition of exercising and the participants were satisfied with their participation via the practice of the Qigong training. This study also comes up with the possibility of the application and utilization of the Qigong training. Key WordsElders, Qigong training, Application process, Grounded theory |